Experimental base

The multidisciplinary research and the broad range of basic and applied studies carried out at the Institute demanded creation of an adequate experimental base. To date the IAP RAS is a center for large-scale development and production of experimental complexes, facilities, and setups, as well as of the needed technological equipment and devices. In some areas, the IAP RAS has unique world-level capabilities for experimental research. In what follows we briefly describe the major experimental facilities of the Institute.

In plasma physics and electronics:

	High-current electron accelerator with a microwave oscillator of the "Krot" facility

he "Krot" plasma facility, which combines a high-current accelerator (1.5 MeV, 10 kA, 100 ns), a set of high-power microwave oscillators, and a vacuum chamber of extremely large volume (10 m in length, 3 m in diameter), for obtaining a highly homogeneous plasma with a broad spectrum of diagnostics.

High-current electron accelerators equipped with X-ray protection, magnetic systems (with pulsed and superconducting solenoids), quasi-optical channels, diagnostic complexes, and automated systems for recording and processing of information. These include:

• high-current accelerating complex (700 keV, 7 kA, 17 ns), which operates with high clock frequency (up to 100 Hz) and is designed for refinement of relativistic microwave oscillators used as the sources of high-power sounding pulses of electromagnetic radiation in experimental and test setups;
• the "Sinus-6" setup with an electron energy of 0.5 MeV, 5 kA, 20 ns which is used for model studies of microwave sources and their separate units. "Sinus-6" intensifies research significantly due to the possibi-lity of rapidly varying the electron-beam parameters;
• the "Saturn" setup with a thermo-emission injector for obtaining long-duration current pulses;

  	Вакуумная камера стенда «Крот»

• the CARM system (300 keV, 100 A, 10 μs, clock frequency up to 1 Hz), which is used to solve problems related to the creation of oscillators and amplifiers based on induced cyclotron radiation of relativistic electron beams. The thermo-emission electron gun used for these purposes generates high-quality electron beams with required configuration of the electron trajectories.
• A set of experimental setups for studying high-power gyrotrons equipped with cryomagnets (having a maximum magnetic-field induction of 5.5 to 7 T), high-voltage power supplies, and an automated system of control and measuring equipment, which includesthree experimental setups for studying gyrotrons and gyroklystrons designed for various technological applications, including
• the gyroklystrons for radars (at frequencies 35 and 94 GHz with an output pulse power of about 100 kW or more) and technological gyrotrons operated in the 24—30 GHz frequency range (using permanent magnets and "warm" solenoids) and at frequencies higher than 35 GHz (with superconducting magnetic systems);
• a set of setups for studying spatial amplitude-phase structures of the electromagnetic fields of electrodynamic devices and high-power microwave
  tubes.

	CVD reactor based on a 28-GHz gyrotron

A complex for growing high-quality diamond films, which comprises a microwave CVD reactor that uses the pulsed microwave discharge plasma at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, a standard microwave CVD reactor with the use of a continuous microwave discharge at a frequency of 2.45 GHz, and an experimental setup for deposition of diamond films using microwave radiation of a CW gyrotron having a power of 10 kW at a frequency of 30 GHz..

Multifunctional facility based on ECR discharge maintained by the radiation of a high-power gyrotron in the magnetic trap under electron-cyclotron resonance conditions. The facility is used for the creation of soft X-ray radiation and high-current beams of multicharged ions with high brightness.

Experimental plasma-chemical system for semiconductor film deposition experiments using broadband (nitrides, carbides, etc,) and regular semiconductors (including isotopically modified ones) with micro- and nano-crystal structure based on an ECR discharge maintained by the radiation of a CW gyrotron having a power of 5 kW at a frequency of 24 GHz..
Experimental setup for studying gas discharge in quasi-optical terahertz electromagnetic wave beams.

In geophysical research, acoustics, and hydroacoustics:

Large thermostratified tank

Large thermostratified experimental tank (20 m long, 4 m wide, and 2 m deep) is designed for scale mo-deling of the wave processes in the upper ocean and the ocean — atmosphere surface layer. It implements a unique method for temperature stratification of the water layer to retrieve a typical profile of the deep-water dependence of the water temperature in the real ocean at about 1:100 ratio. The tank is equipped with a high-speed direct-flow wind-wave channel for modeling a wide range of wind speeds (up to hurricane conditions).

Ring-shaped wind-wave stratified tank (20 m long and having a 0.3 × 0.6 m hydrochannel) is designed for modeling the dynamics of wind waves and their interaction with internal waves and surface-active substance films, as well as for testing the methods of remote (radar and optical) sensing of the sea surface.

Hydroacoustic tank (4.5 × 3.5 × 3 m) is designed for modeling the propagation and nonlinear interaction of acoustic waves in inhomogeneous media and for calibration of measuring equipment.

Scale acoustic modeling facility ("Bezvodnoye" test area of the IAP RAS)

Automated ship complex is designed for recording the spatio-temporal parameters of water surface waves in real time by radar and optical methods.

A set of equipment for a study of atmospheric electricity, including thunderstorm activity, is intended for measuring the electric-field and conduction-current variation under fine weather conditions and in thunderstorms, monitoring of thunderstorm activity, and control of the radio emission of thunderstorm clouds in a wide range of frequencies with high temporal resolution.

Marine autonomous measuring complex is designed for studying the characteristics of noise emission and acoustic imaging of extended sources (antenna aperture 200 m, installation depth up to 300 m, and dynamic range up to 120 dB).

Passive ground-based radiometric complex for remote sensing of the thermal structure of the stratosphere and monitoring of the Earth's ozone layer at altitudes of 15 to 70 km.

Acoustic unechoic chamber (having an operating volume of 100 m3 and a noise level of 26 dB) for scale modeling and checkout of radiation systems and structures, approval of acoustic measurement methods, and testing of sound-receiving devices.

Scale acoustic modeling facility for approval and commissioning of measuring devices, checkout, and examination of acoustic models of vibroactive structures.

A set of tools for vibroacoustic control is designed for field studies of noise emission and vibration fields of various sources.

Low-frequency hydroacoustic emitters of different frequency ranges (from tens of Hertz to several kilohertz) with high radiation power and efficiency (model specimens).
Hydroacoustic cabel antennas (connecting up to 64 digital hydrophones) are designed for field measurements and model studies in hydroacoustics.

Receiving and emitting hydroacoustic complex is designed for low-frequency acoustic monitoring of shallow-sea basins and sea-bottom sounding.

Mobile receiving and emitting seismoacoustic complex is designed for diagnostics of the state of surface terrestrial rocks and seismic engineering by the methods of high-resolution coherent seismo-acoustics (operating range 20 to 1000 Hz).

Computer cluster (64 cores, 512 Gb RAM) for the numerical simulation of acoustic and vibration characteristics of elastic structures by the finite-element method.

In laser physics and nonlinear optics:

Experimental setup for studying atomic and molecular gases at ultralow temperatures

Complex for growing large-aperture water-soluble crystals. The complex permits growing unique water-soluble crystals 450 × 450 × 600 mm in size for nonlinear frequency conversion of high-power laser radiation.

Subpetawatt parametric amplifier of femtosecond pulses based on a DKDP crystal with a power of 0.5 PW, pulse duration of 72 fs, pulse energy of 10 J, wavelength of 911 nm, and energy amplification efficiency of 27%.

TTerawatt femtosecond laser with a pulse duration of 80 fs, pulse energy of 80 mJ, wavelength of 0.8 μm, and pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz..

Pulse-periodic laser systems with a pulse duration of 25 ps to 100 ns, pulse energy of 100 mJ to 2.5 J, and wavelength of 0.53 to 1.2 μm.

Wide-aperture interferometer-profilometer for controlling characteristics of the optical elements with angstrom accuracy.

Optical coherence tomographs are intended for noninvasive diagnostics of biological tissues up to a depth of 2 mm with a spatial resolution of 10 μm.

In physics of condensed state and quantum physics:

Setup for laser trapping and cooling of substance is designed to produce a gas of atoms and molecules in the quantum-degenerate state with a temperature of up to 20 nK.

Experimental setup for research in the field of quantum information and telecommunication technologies.

The Large stratified tank, plasma and electrodynamic facilities based on modern gyrotrons, femtosecond laser complexes including the subpetawatt-power facility, OCT devices, the active-passive complex for microwave sen-sing of the atmosphere and the underlying surface, the complex of high-power acoustic radiators, the equipment for the creation and control of new semiconductor materials and nanostructures, and a number of other setups are available from the IAP RAS for other institutions within the framework of the Multi-Access Center "Wave and quantum technologies".